Table of Content

28 August 2026, Volume 43 Issue 4

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Innovation and Development of Laboratory Animal Science and Technology:Core Progress and Significant Achievements of Key Special Projects During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period

He Zhengming, Chen Hongyan, Gao Xiang, Li Genping, Cui Shufang, Lyu Longbao

2026, 43(4):  1-5.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.001

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 Laboratory animal resources and their standardized system constitute the core foundation supporting life science innovation and the development of the biomedical industry. To enhance China’s independent support capability and international competitiveness in experimental animal science and technology, during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, laboratory animals were included in the national key research and development plan for the first time, systematically carrying out research on resource creation, model construction, detection technology, and support systems. This article focuses on the implementation of the special project, adopting a full-chain deployment and integrated implementation approach,and revolves around the two major directions of “resource creation and application support”. It systematically reviews the implementation progress and core achievements of 32 projects and 107 topics. The results show that China has added 22 standardized varieties, with an increase of 84.62% in species resources; constructed more than 200 precision models for major diseases, made breakthroughs in 129 key detection technologies, developed the first set of intelligent specialized equipment, and formed an independently controllable laboratory animal technology and resource system. The research conclusion indicates that China’s experimental animal science and technology have achieved a leap from decentralized support to systematic layout, providing an important foundation for the “15th Five-Year Plan” to move towards parallel and leading development, and supporting original innovation in biomedicine.

Investigating Age-Related Trends in Brain Structure of the Mongolian Gerbil Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Jiao Kun, Wang Zhanjing, Lei Jianfeng, Zhang Jing, Chen Baian, Lu Jing

2026, 43(4):  6-11.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.002

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Objective　To observe trends in brain structural changes with increasing age in Mongolian gerbils using medical imaging techniques.Methods　A Bruker Pharma Scan 7.0T MRI scanner was employed to acquire whole-brain T2-weighted structural images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data of the corpus callosum, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, sensory cortex, and motor cortex in Mongolian gerbils aged 3, 12, 18, and 26 months (6-7 animals per group, both sexes included). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values were calculated from the DTI data.Results 1)FA values: compared with corpus callosum (0.47±0.08), left hippocampus (0.14±0.02), right hippocampus (0.13±0.03) in the 3 months group, the 18 months group showed significantly increase in the corpus callosum (0.62±0.07), left hippocampus (0.19±0.04), right hippocampus (0.18±0.02) (P<0.05). The 12 months group exhibited significantly increase in the right amygdala (0.21±0.03) (P<0.05). 2)MD values: compared with corpus callosum (8.15×10-4±5.43×10-5)/(mm2 /s), left hippocampus (7.53×10-4±2.32×10-5)/(mm2 /s), right hippocampus (7.35×10-4±4.55×10-5)/ (mm2 /s) in the 3 months group, the 18 months group demonstrated significantly decrease in the corpus callosum (6.41×10-4±6.51×10-5)/(mm2 /s), left hippocampus (6.52×10-4±2.08×10-5)/(mm2 /s), right hippocampus (6.54×10-4±3.25×10-5)/(mm2 /s)(P<0.05).Conclusion　The findings indicate that age-related structural changes in different brain regions of the Mongolian gerbil are asynchronous. However, an overall trend of initial increase followed by decline was observed. The period of structural maturation in the brain appears to occur between 12 and 18 months of age.

Research Progress on Pneumocystis in Laboratory Animals

Sun Qiuyang, Xie Yuanzhi, Xing Jin

2026, 43(4):  12-17.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.003

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Pneumocystis is a group of obligate parasitic, opportunistic pathogenic fungi that are zoonotic. It mainly attacks immunocompromised hosts, causing Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). These fungi can persist concealed in laboratory rodents for long periods, presenting as subclinical infections. When the host’s immune system is compromised or absent, Pneumocystis can quickly become active, leading to fatal PCP, causing abnormal deaths in animals and significantly interfering with the continuity and reliability of research in fields such as oncology and immunology. This article reviews advances in model development, detection methods, and in vitro cultivation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for establishing efficient and accurate standardized detection methods for Pneumocystis in laboratory animals.

 Measurement of Major Biological Characteristics of Eight Inbred Strains of Mice

Zhang Leying, Dong Hao, Liu Wenxia, Feng Bin, Li Qi, Wang Jiji, Yang Jiliyang, Feng Xi, Zuo Qin, Gong Wei

2026, 43(4):  18-31.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.004

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Objective　To promote the open sharing and standardized application of C57BL/6JNifdc, C57BL/6N,DBA/1J,DBA/2Nifdc,FVB/NJNjuNifdc,A/J,129S1/SvlmJ and C3H/HeJNifdc-eight inbred strains of mice preserved in the National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, this study was conducted.Methods　For each strain, 20 male and 20 female mice were selected. Venous blood was collected, and major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, thymus) were harvested at 4 and 8 weeks of age. A systematic analysis of 23 hematological parameters, 9 biochemical parameters, and 7 organ coefficients was performed using automated blood cell analyzers, biochemical analyzers, and electronic balances. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation, and statistical analysis was conducted using the t test.Results　The blood physiological, biochemical and major organ coefficient indicators varied across strains with different genetic backgrounds, as well as across different ages and sexes. The organ coefficients of DBA/1J and DBA/2Nifdc were affected by age or gender in a similar way. Compared with other strains, C57BL/6JNifdc and C57BL/6N were more similar in biological characteristics, especially in blood biochemical aspects. Compared with previous studies, the mean PLT related values determined in this study for C57BL/6JNifdc, FVB/NJNjuNifdc and C3H/HeJNifdc were higher, and the CRE were relatively lower.Conclusion　This study systematically updated and expanded the background biological database for 8 inbred mouse strains, clarifying the distinctive characteristics of each strain in terms of hematological, biochemical, and organ coefficient profiles. It provides essential data support for the standardization of laboratory animal strains, model construction, and experimental design. 

Effects of Simulated Long-Term Microgravity on the Rat Cornea

Mu Yuxue, Tan Rongzhen, Qin Wenyu, Li Liangliang, Wei Dongyu, Zhang Xinyi, Chen Tao

2026, 43(4):  32-38.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.005

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Objective　To observe the effects of long-term simulated weightlessness induced by tail suspension on the rat cornea, and to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying corneal injury. Methods　Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into control group, 4-week tail suspension group and 8-week tail suspension group, with 8 rats per group. After model establishment, tear secretion was measured by the phenol red thread test. Corneal fluorescein staining was used to observe corneal injury. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of pathological sections was performed to detect pathological changes of corneal tissue, and TUNEL staining was applied to assess corneal cell apoptosis. Molecular biological techniques were utilized to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in corneal tissue, as well as the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory cytokines.Results　After 4 weeks of tail suspension, tear secretion volume in rats decreased. Edema was observed in the corneal epithelial and stromal layers, accompanied by disorganized collagen fibers and inflammatory cell infiltration. TUNEL staining revealed obvious apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells, and the expression trend of apoptosis-related proteins detected by Western blot in the cornea was consistent with the TUNEL staining results. The levels of ROS and MDA in rat corneal tissues were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the SOD level was markedly lower. Meanwhile, the expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the corneal tissues of tail suspended rats were upregulated (P<0.05). Furthermore, All corneal pathological lesions were further aggravated after 8 weeks of tail suspension. Compared with the age-matched control group, the indicators including tear secretion, apoptosis-related proteins, oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the TS8W group showed extremely significant differences (P<0.01), and statistically significant differences were also observed when compared with the TS4W group (P<0.05).Conclusion Tail suspension simulating weightlessness can jointly mediate pathological damage to rat corneal tissues by inducing corneal oxidative stress imbalance and activating local inflammatory responses, and the severity of lesions increases progressively with the extension of tail suspension intervention duration. This study preliminarily elucidates the pathogenesis of corneal injury under microgravity exposure, and provides potential intervention targets and novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of microgravity-related corneal lesions.

 Establishment and Evaluation of Dynamic Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Method in Rhesus Monkeys

Duan Suqin, Liu Quan, Li Yanyan, Jin Weihua, Deng Zijun, Sun Ming, Yang Fengmei, He Zhanlong

2026, 43(4):  39-43.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.006

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Objective　To establish a dynamic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection model in rhesus monkeys, providing methodological support for pharmacokinetic studies of central nervous system drugs. Methods　Three adult rhesus monkeys were selected and subjected to lumbar puncture (L3-L4/L4-L5 intervertebral space) under anesthesia. After confirming CSF outflow, an indwelling catheter was inserted and secured. During the 72-hour catheter retention period, CSF samples were dynamically collected at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours for electrolyte and routine blood tests.Results　The lumbar catheter method  enabled multiple collections at five time points, with no significant differences in routine blood parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, etc.) across time points. Electrolyte analysis revealed a statistically significant difference only in Cl- between 0 h and 12 h (P<0.05), while other indicators (K+, Na+, etc.) remained stable.Conclusion　The lumbar puncture catheter indwelling method established in this study is characterized by its simplicity, sample stability, and high reproducibility, effectively meeting the demands of dynamic CSF collection. It provides a reliable technical solution for studying drug metabolism in the central nervous system.

Experimental Study and Mechanism Exploration of Sophoridine Targeting γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor to Alleviate Anxiety in Mice

Hu Minghui, Wang Xinyu , Wang Jingwen, Dong Hongwei, Li You, Gao Mingzhou, Zhang Hao

2026, 43(4):  44-50.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.007

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Objective　To verify the effectiveness and scientific validity of sophoridine in anti anxiety treatment, and to explore its preliminary mechanism of action.Methods　Forty SPF grade male C57BL/ 6J mice were randomly divided into a normal group, a low-dose sophoridine group (10 mg/kg), a medium-dose group (20 mg/kg), and a high-dose group (40 mg/kg) according to their body weight. The mice were administered at a fixed time every day for 28 days. After the administration, behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate changes in mouse anxiety behavior. ELISA experiment was used to detect the levels of SOD, NGF, IL-6, TNF-α, and GSH in mouse serum. Western blot experiment detected the interaction between sophoridine and key subunits of GABAAR. Computer molecular docking analysis of the interaction sites between sophoridine and GABAAR ultimately demonstrated the anti-anxiety efficacy and anti anxiety targets of sophoridine. Results　After intervention with sophoridine, the time and frequency of entry into the central area of OFT, the time and frequency of entry into the open arm of EPM, and the time and frequency of entry into the bright area of LDB all significantly increased. The incubation period of NSFT feeding was significantly shortened. The levels of SOD and NGF in mouse serum significantly increased. The levels of serum IL-6, TNF-α, and GSH were significantly reduced. The expression levels of GABAAR α1, β1, and γ2 subunit protein molecules were significantly increased; sophoridine alkaloid directly binds to the beta1, alpha1, and gamma2 subunits of GABAAR. Conclusion　After intraperitoneal administration of sophoridine, a potential trend toward ameliorating anxiety-like behaviors was observed, and its effects may be related to the targeting of GABAAR subunits by sophoridine. 


Bibliometric and Regulatory Analysis of Tribromoethanol Application Trends in Rodent Experiments (2020-2025)

Li Xiaying, Pang Wanyong , Tian Yonglu, Wei Yusheng

2026, 43(4):  51-55.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.008

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Objective　To systematically analyze the application trends of tribromoethanol (TBE) in rodent experiments from 2020 to 2025, and to elucidate the scientific rationale and operational requirements for its standardized use, in conjunction with animal ethics review policies.Methods　A bibliometric analysis was performed based on literature retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. In addition, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) policy documents from several foreign institutions were reviewed to summarize TBE’s pharmacological and toxicological properties, approval criteria, and operational guidelines.Results　A total of 279 articles were included. The use of TBE showed an initial increase, peaking in 2023 (63 articles), followed by a significant decline after 2024. The literature was mainly published in journals such as PLoS One and Scientific Reports, covering research areas including genetically modified animals, toxicology, and immunology. As TBE is a non pharmaceutical-grade agent with risks of hepatorenal toxicity and intestinal complications, its use requires scientific justification and strict adherence to protocols including aseptic preparation, light-protected storage, single-use administration, and combined postoperative analgesia.Conclusion　Although TBE can be used for specific short-term surgical procedures, its application is decreasing due to the rising global standards for animal welfare and experimental standardization. In practice, its use must be based on sufficient scientific rationale and strict safety protocols to balance research needs with animal ethics.

Establishment and Application of Real-Time Quantitative PCR Method for NOD/ShiLt mice

Zhang Leying, Liu Wenxia, Feng Bin, Li Qi, Sun Xiaowei, Dong Qinghua, Dong Hao, Zuo Qin

2026, 43(4):  56-62.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.009

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Objective　To establish a method for genotyping of NOD/ShiLt mice.Methods　For the deletion sequence on chromosome 3 of NOD/ShiLt strain and reference gene GAPDH, specific primers were designed. Standard plasmids were constructed to establish a SYBR Green fluorescence quantitative PCR(qPCR) method for the detection of NOD/ShiLt. After its sensitivity, specificity and repeatability were verified, preserved NOD/ShiLt mouse sperm and embryo samples were examined.Results　The detection limit of the established qPCR was 6.35×100 copies/ μL, 1 000-fold higher than that of normal PCR. No cross-reactions were found with other commonly used strains including background strains ICR. The coefficients of variation within and between batches were 0.05%-0.67% and 0.07%-0.77%, respectively, both lower than 1.00%, indicating good repeatability. Frozen NOD/ShiLt and NPI embryos and spermatozoa were detected by this method and the coincidence rate was 100%.Conclusion　This study successfully established a highly sensitive detection method for NOD/ShiLt strains, which can be used for genotype detection of NOD/ShiLt samples including sperm and embryo.

Untargeted Metabolome Analysis of Skin Wound Repair in iRhom2^Uncv

Shang Yanjiao, Li Ling, Zhang Tao, Wang Jin, Cui Xiaoxia, Wang Zhaohe, Qiu Yefeng

2026, 43(4):  63-69.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.010

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Objective　To explore the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways related to skin injury repair in iRhom2^Uncv, and to provide a basis for in-depth study of potential biomarkers and targets for skin injury repair in iRhom2^Uncv.Methods　Thirty-two SPF-grade adult male iRhom2^Uncv and BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups. A full-thickness skin wound model was established under anesthesia. The skin tissues were analyzed with immunohistochemistry at 0, 5 and 12 days post injury. The serum was collected for metabolite analysis.Results　The wound healing rate of iRhom2^Uncv was slightly higher than that of BALB/c. The inflammatory response of iRhom2^Uncv was higher, and the number of new blood vessels at 12 days post-injury was higher than that of wild-type BALB/c mice. Differential metabolites were significantly enriched in six metabolic pathways, including arachidonic acid metabolism, regulation of inflammatory mediators in TRP channels, histidine metabolism and thyroid hormone synthesis.Conclusion　The ability of iRhom2^Uncv in skin wound healing is stronger than that of BALB/c, and the affected metabolites and metabolic pathways can provide a basis for further research of the metabolic mechanism related to skin wound repair in iRhom2^Uncv.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Nanoparticles in Combination with Lentinan for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in 4T1 Tumor-Bearing Mice

Gao Yan, Fu Lulu, He Zheng, Huang Kaijuan, Chen Zhaoyang, Tang Lan, Zhang Zhenhai

2026, 43(4):  70-78.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.011

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Objective　To study the inhibition of tumor growth in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after administration of doxorubicin hydrochloride cell membrane biomimetic nanoparticles (DOX-CM-NPs), doxorubicin hydrochloride liposomes (DOX-Lips) combined with lentinan (LNT) pharmacological effects.Methods　A 4T1 breast cancer mouse tumor model was established, and the tumor-bearing mice were divided into 0.9% sodium chloride solution group, DOX·HCl group, DOX-Lips group, DOX-CM NPs group, LNT group, DOX·HCl+LNT group, and DOX- Lips+LNT group, DOX-CM-NPs+LNT group, 6 mice per group. The administration doses of DOX·HCl, DOX-Lips and DOX-CM-NPs were calculated as equivalent DOX·HCl at 2 mg/kg. The administration method was tail vein injection. The administration volume was 0.2 mL/animal and was administered once every two days. The dosage concentration of lentinan tablet suspension is 0.2 g/kg, the dosage method was intragastric administration, the dosage volume was 0.2 mL/animal, and it was administered once a day. Preliminary evaluation of pharmacodynamics and toxicity in vivo is carried out. The immunomodulatory effect was evaluated by ELISA method.Results　The inhibitory effect of DOX-CM-NPs on 4T1 tumor-bearing mice was significantly better than that of the physiological 0.9% sodium chloride solution group (P<0.001), the DOX·HCl group (P<0.01) and the DOX-Lips group (P<0.01), and combined with LNT. The inhibitory effect is further strengthened after treatment and has a synergistic effect; preliminary evaluation of toxicity and immunomodulatory effect indicate that LNT It can be regulated by significantly up regulating the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (P<0.05) and interferon (IFN-γ) (P<0.01) and reducing the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (P<0.01). Conclusion　In vivo drug efficacy study, DOX-CM-NPs have a stronger tumor-inhibiting effect than DOX·HCl and DOX-Lips, and it has a synergistic effect on the treatment of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after combined with LNT.

Impact of High Temperature and High Humidity Environment on the Hygienic Indicators of Non-Sterilized Bedding

Wang Xuewen, Guo Meng, Shen Shaowei, Zhang Jian, Huo Minghui, Liu Jie, Cui Luxia, Gao Feng, Chen Xiaojuan, Zuo Qin

2026, 43(4):  79-84.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.012

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Objective　To investigate the impact of different storage durations in a high temperature and high humidity environment on the hygienic indicators (microbial indicators and chemical pollutant indicators) of non-sterilized poplar wood shavings bedding,and to provide scientific data for temperature and humidity regulation as well as quality control during the bedding storage.Methods　Non-sterilized poplar wood shavings bedding was randomly divided into Group A, Group B, and Group C. Samples were collected at 0 d, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, and 28 d respectively to detect their microbial indicators and chemical pollutant indicators.Results　There were significant differences in temperature and humidity among the three groups of storage environments. During the 0 d to 28 d storage period, the mold and yeast indicators of the bedding from three groups failed to meet the qualified standards.At 14 d, the Escherichia coli indicators of Group A and Group B were unqualified.At 21 d and 28 d, the Escherichia coli indicators of all three groups were unqualified.Conclusion　High temperature and high humidity environment has a significant negative impact on the microbial indicators of non-sterilized bedding. The result of this study can provide important references for bedding production and use units in aspects such as the site selection of storage warehouses, the setting of storage environment parameters, and the construction of quality control systems.

Effect of Probiotics on Scald Healing in Germ-Free Rats

Li Hongyan, Zhan Dawei, Liu Jing, Zuo Li, Tang Liang, Yan Kesong

2026, 43(4):  85-89.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.013

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Objective　We established a deep second-degree scald injury model and model with probiotics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection with germ-free rats. Then we compared the differences between the four groups in terms of healing process, inflammatory response, and pathological changes and studied the effect of probiotics on scald healing and burn infection in germ-free rats.Methods　Fifty-six germ-free male Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g were enrolled.The experiment was divided into four groups: sterile group (Group A), probiotic-colonized group (Group B), Pseudomonas aeruginosa-colonized group (Group C), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa plus probiotic co-colonized group (Group D).A 5-cm-diameter deep second degree scald wound was created on the dorsal skin of rats.The scab dislocation time and healing time of the rats were observed, and serum samples were taken to detect the changes of inflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF and TNF-α. The skin and cecum were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution and used for histopathology at 14 days after scald.Results　Compared with probiotic-colonized , the aseptic scald rats had a longer period of healing time with significant differences (P<0.05); compared with probiotics stained only rats, the aseptic scald rats have higher serum level of TNF-α and lower serum level of GM-CSF after 24 hours,72 hours, 7 days,14 days, 21 days and 28 days of scalding. And there was a significant difference (P<0.05). Compared with pseudomonas aeruginosa stained only rats, the pseudomonas aeruginosa and probiotic-colonized rats have lower serum level of TNF-α and higher serum level of GM-CSF until 28 days of scalding. After 14 days of scalding, the scalding skin from probiotics stained only rats have mild inflammatory cell infiltration, the scalding skin from the aseptic scald rats and pseudomonas aeruginosa stained only rats had severe inflammatory cell infiltration and the scalding skin from the pseudomonas aeruginosa and probiotics stained rats had moderate inflammatory cell infiltration. After 14 days of scalding, the cecum from probiotics stained only rats had no obvious abnormalities. the cecum from the aseptic scald rats had mild ulcer and mild inflammatory cell infiltration, the cecum from pseudomonas aeruginosa and probiotic-colonized rats had severe ulcer and severe inflammatory cell infiltration, the cecum from pseudomonas aeruginosa and probiatics stained only rats had mild ulcer and moderate inflammatory cell infiltration. Conclusions　Probiotics can enhance body’s immunity after scalding and reduce inflammatory response. Probiotics are beneficial for the repair of intestinal mucosa and burn wounds.

Optimization of the Oleic Acid-Induced Rabbit Ear Acne Model and Evaluation of Drug Efficacy

Dai Xiaoli, Xue Yun, Li Li, Li Xue, Wang Fengqian, Zhong Xuanfu, Wang Xiufen, Zhang Shengxian, Chen Kai

2026, 43(4):  90-97.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.014

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Objective　To optimize existing modeling method and evaluation criteria to improve the uniformity, and reliability of experimental results in the rabbit ear acne model.Methods　Fifteen male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups: a blank control group, 50% oleic acid group 1, 50% oleic acid group 2, 75% oleic acid group, and 100% oleic acid group. The inner surface of the rabbit ears were treated daily with the corresponding concentration of oleic acid solution for 14 consecutive days to establish the acne model. After modeling, no intervention was applied, and the recovery was observed for another 14 days. Symptoms at the modeling site were observed daily, ear thickness was measured weekly, and macroscopic scoring was performed. Histopathological examination of ear tissue samples were performed at the end of the modeling period and the recovery period. Additionally, another group of animals was treated with 75% oleic acid to establish the model, followed by the application of 0.1% adapalene gel. Symptoms at the modeling site were observed, ear thickness was measured, and histopathological examination was performed after the treatment.Results　The 75% oleic acid group showed superior macroscopic scores, ear thickness, hair follicle area, sebaceous gland diameter, and histopathological scores compared to the other oleic acid concentration groups. The 0.1% adapalene gel group demonstrated significant improvement in all skin-related indicators after treatment. Conclusion The application of 75% oleic acid to the entire ear successfully established a uniform and stable rabbit ear acne model. The improved macroscopic scoring system and quantitative histopathological evaluation criteria enabled precise and objective assessment of the acne model.

Determination of Reproductive Performance of Five SPF Mice

Zhang Jing, Wang Yan, Xue Lin, Zhang Ye, Zhang Xiaoqing Zhu Mingqiang, Xu Dian, Zhan Dawei

2026, 43(4):  98-104.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.015

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Objective　The reproductive performance of BALB/c-nu mice, NOD SCID mice, C.B17 SCID mice, NTG mice and APOE mice were measured and analyzed, which provided data support for the biological characteristics of the above five strains of mice.Methods　Five kinds of SPF inbred mice, 6 pairs in each group, were bred continuously by long-term cohabitation and mating of all siblings in a ratio of 1 ∶ 1. The average litter size, average weaning number, weaning rate, sex ratio, average litter interval of mating strains of mice aged 8-12 weeks, first birth interval and litter interval were measured respectively.Results　The average litter size of BALB/c-nu mice is 6-8, and the weaning rate is 98% 100%. The average litter size of NOD SCID mice is 5-6, and the weaning rate is 77%-97%. The average litter size of C.B17-SCID mice is 4-5, and the weaning rate is 88%-99%. The average litter size and the average weaning number of all strains of animals increased or tended to be stable in the second and third litters (P<0.05), but decreased in the fourth litter (P<0.05) and obviously decreased in the fifth fetus (P<0.05).The age of first mating of five kinds of mice ranged from 56 to 82 d, and the average fetal interval was 32.11 d-44.20 d. The interval between primiparity of BALB/c-nu mice, NOD SCID mice, C.B17-SCID mice, NTG mice and APOE mice was 36.55 d, 45.10 d, 32.16 d, 36.37 d and 30.30 d respectively.Conclusion　It is best to select 8-week-old NOD SCID mice, 12-week-old C. B17-SCID mice, 8-week-old APOE mice, 11-week-old NTG mice and 9-week-old BALB/c-nu mice for mating and reproduction. The reproductive performance parameters obtained in this study provide basic data for mouse feeding management.

Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Animal Models of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: a Meta-Analysis

Niu Yan, Han Dong, Li Zhaona, Kou Chen

2026, 43(4):  105-111.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.016

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Objective　A meta-analysis was conducted to study the effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).Methods　PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane library, OVID, Scopus, ProQuest, CNKI, Wanfang database, Weipu Periodical Database, Chinese Medical Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were searched for the randomized controlled animal studies of the effects of HMOs on animal models of NEC published up to August 2024. SYRCLE risk bias assessment tool was used to evaluate literature quality, and the RevMan 5.4 software was used for meta-analysis.Results　After strict inclusion and exclusion screening, a total of 6 studies were included, with a total of 175 animal models.The result of meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the NEC animal model in the HMOs group had lower mortality (RR=0.44,95%CI 0.24-0.81,P<0.01) and intestinal histopathological scores(MD=-1.44,95%CI -1.66--1.22,P< 0.001).Supplementation of disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) alone could reduce NEC mortality (RR= 0.41,95%CI 0.17-0.97,P<0.05) and intestinal histopathological scores (MD=-1.54,95%CI -1.85--1.24,P<0.001).Conclusion　HMOs can reduce the mortality and intestinal histopathological scores associated with NEC animal models.

 Primary Problems in Routine Operational Testing of Barrier Environments for Laboratory Animals and Analysis

You Xiao, Wang Lizhi, Yang Mei, Di Kunpeng, Yang Yang, Shi Qirong

2026, 43(4):  112-115.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.017

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Objective　According to national standard Laboratory Animal-Environment and Housing Facilities, the operational test indicators which did not meet the criteria of experiment facility in barrier environment were analyzed to provide references for management and maintenance of laboratory animal facilities.Methods　According to appendices A-D and G-I of Laboratory Animal-Environment and Housing Facilities,temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, air exchange rate, static differential pressure, noise, animal illuminance, working illuminance and ammonia concentration of the barrier facilities were tested.Results　All indicators failed to meet the national standard requirements for barrier facilities except air velocity, including temperature, relative humidity, air exchange rate, static differential pressure, noise, animal illuminance, working illuminance and ammonia concentration. Among them, the failure rate of static differential pressure reached 91.3%. Conclusion　Choosing appropriate air conditioning system,maintaining ventilation ducts and exchanging various level of filters in time provide effective guarantee for experiment facilities in barrier environment to conform to national standard.

Development, Legislation, and Future Challenges of Laboratory Animal Welfare Ethics

Zhang Guoxin, Cai Ningning, Wang Bihan, Geng Qi, Zhang Guozhong

2026, 43(4):  116-121.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.018

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According to statistical data, the annual global utilization of laboratory animals in scientific experimentation is approximately one billion. The contributions and sacrifices of these animals have been instrumental in overcoming numerous scientific challenges faced by humanity. However, it should be noted that during the experimental process, laboratory animals often endure significant physiological and psychological stress and harm. The welfare and ethical issues involved in this practice have consistently been a focal point of societal debate. Consequently, the question of how to balance the relationship between scientific research and animal welfare, in order to ensure the legitimacy of scientific exploration whilst also demonstrating respect for animal life, is a scientific question that must be answered. The present paper will commence with a historical development of animal ethics, combining relevant domestic and international legislative practices, and further elaborate on management recommendations and challenges for ethical governance, with the aim of providing a reference for improving China′s ethical governance framework.

Technical Considerations and Practical Experience in Establishing the CBA/J×DBA/2 (Clark) Mouse Model of Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

Ding Tiansong, Du Yuhan, Zhong Guanlan, Wang Lei, Xie Jinghong

2026, 43(4):  122-128.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.019

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Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is a complex and challenging pregnancy disorder with unclear pathogenesis. The CBA/J × DBA/2 (Clark) mouse model is a well-recognized classic model for URSA, characterized by recessive, recurrent, and peri-implantation embryo resorption with a stable abortion rate of 20%-30%. This inbred model features a uniform genetic background, and the abortion rate attributed to chromosomal abnormalities is approximately 4%, consistent with human etiological data. However, challenges remain in model establishment, including variable pregnancy rates, inaccurate pregnancy timing determination, and high modeling costs. This study systematically summarizes the key technical points and practical experience for constructing the Clark model. To improve pregnancy rate, we optimized animal selection, age matching, housing environment, estrous cycle identification, and male-female pre-exposure, and clarified that superovulation is unsuitable for this model, while male sexual refractory period and Bruce effect should be avoided. We also established a multi-dimensional pregnancy judgment system combining vaginal plug inspection, dynamic body weight monitoring, fecal observation, abdominal palpation, visual inspection, and laparotomy. Novel findings include: a slight body weight decrease of 1%-5% on the day after plug detection; a body weight gain of approximately 1.0 g at GD4-6 (peri-implantation) indicating early pregnancy; a body weight gain ≥2.0 g at GD8 allowing earlier pregnancy confirmation; and drier feces in pregnant mice at GD4-6. This paper systematically organizes the key techniques in the whole process of model construction, which can significantly improve pregnancy rate and gestational age accuracy, reduce modeling costs, and provide a stable and reproducible model basis for URSA pathogenesis research and drug efficacy evaluation.

Establishment and Exploration of a Biosafety Management System for University Laboratory Animal Centers in the Context of Multidisciplinary Intersection

Wang Rifang, Chen Jingyu, Cui Jiajing, Cao Yongzhi, Liu Lianlian

2026, 43(4):  129-135.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.020

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The level of biosafety management at university laboratory animal centers is crucial to their high-quality development. Against the backdrop of multidisciplinary integration, establishing a practical and effective biosafety management system has become the foremost priority for all centers. Taking the Model Animal Research Center of Shandong University as a case study, this paper outlines a five-pronged biosafety management system encompassing training protocols, standardized operations, animal quality control, critical process oversight, and emergency response. After over three years of implementation, significant achievements have been realized: training assessment pass rates reached 97.0% with 92.6% participation; 304 quality control documents were established to ensure standardized end-to-end operations; animal infection rates decreased by 95.0% while microbial testing compliance reached 99.8%; material disinfection compliance and air cleanliness reached 96.5% and 98.0%, respectively; emergency response time shortened by 65.1%, with drill participation at 92.7%. This paper explores a multidisciplinary, center-specific biosafety management system that ensures high-quality development while providing a replicable model for domestic university animal centers facing similar management challenges.

Impact of Environmental Enrichment on the Stability and Scientific Validity of Laboratory Animal Studies

Geng Xiangfei, Dai Hong, Geng Jiapeng

2026, 43(4):  136-140.  DOI: 10.3969/ j. issn.1006-6179.2026.04.021

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Environmental enrichment is a core measure for improving the welfare of laboratory animals and ensuring the quality of scientific data. Its development stems from the negative impacts of monotonous cage environments on animal health and research outcomes. This paper systematically elaborates on the theoretical and practical framework of environmental enrichment for laboratory animals. First, it clarifies the core definition of enrichment as the process or measure of providing appropriate environmental stimuli to promote natural behaviors and reduce abnormal behaviors in animals. It emphasizes the need to tailor enrichment programs based on species-specific characteristics and age, with safety as the primary prerequisite. Second, environmental enrichment is categorized into four types: social environment, housing environment, animal activity, and cage space. The implementation key points and core objective of each type are detailed, highlighting that enrichment should be integrated into behavioral management plans and be consistent with the 3R principles. Furthermore, the relationship between enrichment and experimental variability is explored. Appropriate enrichment neither systematically alters within experiment variation nor compromise the reproducibility of experimental result ; only improper enrichment may increase outcome variability. Finally, the assessment is conducted from two aspects: potential risks and value balance. It is proposed that the validity of enrichment should be evaluated based on factors such as animal usage conditions,methods of use, and impacts on research. Studies indicate that scientific environmental enrichment is not only an ethical requirement for ensuring laboratory animal welfare, but also an important means to improve the reliability and promotion value of scientific research data, which ultimately helps to promote the development of high-quality scientific research.