Objective　To construct AD tree shrew model by double transgenic injection of APPswe/ MAPTp30s in the hippocampus and to evaluate the pathological characteristics of AD. Methods　Experimental animals were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 6 animals in each group (half male and half female). AAV9-EGFP were injected into the left and right hippocampus of control group tree shrews with 2 μL per side (titer:1×1013 GC/mL) by brain stereotaxic technique.AAV9 vectors expressing APPswe genes were injected into the left hippocampus with 2 μL (titer: 1×1013 GC/mL) and AAV9 vectors expressing MAPTp301s genes were injected into the right hippocampus with 2 μL (titer: 1×1013 GC/mL) of experimental group tree shrews (APPswe/ MAPTp301s) by brain stereotaxic technique. The AD model pathological features were detected using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, HE staining, Bieloschsky silver staining, Tunel staining, and Nissl staining. Serum SOD, MDA, and AchE activities were measured, and relevant protein expression was measured by Western blot. Results　Immunofluorescence confirmed the APPswe/ MAPTp301s was expressed in the experimental group tree shrews (APPswe/MAPTp301s) hippocampus. Compared to the control group (AAV9-EGFP), the experimental group (APPswe/MAPTp301s) showed significant Aβ plaque deposition, reduced neuron count, partial neuronal degeneration and necrosis, disappearance of Nissl body in the hippocampus (P<0.05) and cerebral cortex, activation of glial cells, significant neurofibrillary tangle formation (P<0.01), a significant decrease in serum SOD activity (P< 0.01), a significant increase in AchE enzyme activity (P<0.01), and significantly elevated expression levels of phosphorylated Tau protein (P-Tau181 and P-Tau217) in the olfactory bulb(P<0.01,P< 0.05).Conclusion　The APPswe/MAPTp301s double transgenic AD tree shrew model was successfully constructed, which provided a potential animal model for the pathological mechanism study, drug development and treatment of AD.

Objective　To investigate the effects of povidone-iodine immersion treatment on the embryonic development of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus), and explore its blocking effect on Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), providing a technical solution for viral eradication in experimental animal populations of red crucian carp.Methods　Clinically abnormal individuals were selected from a closed red crucian carp population. Viruses were isolated using cell culture method, and viral species were identified through PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Gradient concentrations of povidone-iodine solution (10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0 mg/mL) were applied for 5-minute immersion treatment on fertilized eggs. Safe and effective treatment protocols were screened by statistically analyzing embryonic hatching rates and malformation rates. Treated individuals at different developmental stages were sampled periodically, and CyHV-2 infections were tracked using PCR technology. Results　Viruses were successfully isolated from two diseased individuals in a closed population aquarium and confirmed as CyHV-2 through molecular biological identification. Experiments showed that povidone-iodine treatments at concentrations of 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, and 40.0 mg/mL for 5 minutes did not significantly affect embryonic development. No CyHV-2 virus was detected in any period of the group treated with 40.0 mg/ mL povidone-iodine for 5 minutes.Conclusion　Povidone-iodine treatment of red crucian carp fertilized eggs can block the transmission of CyHV-2 and could be developed into a standard method for viral eradication in experimental fish populations.

Objective　Design and develop the SPF pig transport vehicle.Methods　This paper describes the design and development process of SPF pig transport vehicle from six aspects, including design concept, configuration, layout, air duct design, power supply and on-board monitoring system.Results The static environmental monitoring result in the vehicle comply with the barrier environment requirements for laboratory animals specified in GB 14925—2023 (Laboratory animal-Environment and housing facilities).Conclusion　The SPF pig transporter designed in this paper can transport both SPF pigs and GF pigs, and at the same time take into account the transportation needs of other SPF and GF laboratory animal, laying the foundation for the establishment of the quality control system for the transportation of laboratory animal in China.

Myodes rufocanus as an important rodent species in the forest regions of Northeast China, has attracted increasing research attention due to its unique ecological characteristics and potential value as a laboratory animal. However, its solitary nature, high aggressiveness, and specific nutritional requirements pose significant challenges for captive breeding. Based on international rodent welfare standards, this study systematically optimized the housing environment, behavioral management, and breeding strategies for Myodes rufocanus. Experimental result demonstrated that:A mixed bedding system of corncob and wood shavings effectively controlled cage humidity while meeting nesting requirements; Individual housing significantly reduced fight-induced mortality.Dietary enrichment (Chinese cabbage, apple branches) and exercise enrichment markedly decreased stereotypic behaviors. Furthermore, subcutaneous implantation of PIT tags enabled precise individual identification. This study establishes a standardized protocol for the laboratory adaptation of Myodes rufocanus, filling a critical gap in welfare research for voles of the Myodes genus.

Zebrafish are the most widely used laboratory fish today. As a highly valuable and in-demand resource, standardized quality control has become an inevitable trend in the development of zebrafish research. In this review, we introduce the compilation background, pathogen selection, pathogen grading, test item selection and test methods of the group standard for “Laboratory Animal Microbiological and parasitical standards and monitoring of zebrafish”, which is the first standard in this field. The development of this standard will provide reference for the standardized breeding of specific pathogen-free zebrafish resources, further improve the quality control level of zebrafish, and enhance the ability of laboratory fish to serve scientific and technological innovation.

Objective　To evaluate the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on lung tissue structure and function by establishing a rat model of CIH to simulate the pathological pattern of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). To investigate the roles of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in CIH-induced lung injury, so as to provide new ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of OSA related lung diseases.Methods　Eighteen male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 rats in each group, control (CON) group, CIH group, and CIH+Fer-1 (FIH) group. They were exposed to normoxic or CIH environment respectively. From the 5th week, the FIH group was intraperitoneally injected with Fer-1 [2 mg/(kg·d)], and the CON group and CIH group were injected with equal volume of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). At the end of the 8th week, the rats were sacrificed, and HE and Masson staining were used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue, and TUNEL staining was used to analyze cell apoptosis. According to the kit instructions, the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and Fe2+ were measured. Western blot was used to detect the expression of key proteins in the ERS pathway.Results　Compared with the CON group, the CIH group showed thickening of the alveolar wall, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the alveoli, and mild alveolar dilatation in rats. Partial collagen fiber hyperplasia was observed in the pulmonary interstitium, and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased, The levels of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were elevated, Oxidative stress was aggravated (GSH content decreased, 4-HNE content increased), Ferroptosis markers were abnormal (ROS and Fe2+ levels were significantly increased, GPX4 content was decreased), The relative content of eIF2α protein in the ERS pathway was increased(P<0.05). Compared with CIH group, the lung tissue injury and pulmonary fibrosis were alleviated in rats of FIH group, with a significant reduction in the apoptosis rate, Meanwhile, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased, and a notable decrease in the levels of 4-HNE, Fe2+, and ROS, whereas the content of GPX4 was increased (P<0.05).Conclusion　Ferroptosis and ERS are involved in CIH-induced lung injury, and Fer-1 effectively alleviates lung injury by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, ERS, and apoptosis.

Objective　To establish myocardial infarction model of postnatal 7 d rat.Methods　Thirty four postnatal day 7 (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a sham-operated group (Sham group, n=17) and an acute myocardial infarction group (AMI group, n=17). Myocardial infarction was induced in the AMI group by ligating the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, while the Sham group underwent thoracotomy without LAD ligation. On postoperative day 1, TTC staining was performed to confirm the LAD ligation efficacy. On postoperative day 21, the extent of cardiac tissue damage was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, myocardial fibrosis was evaluated by picrosirius red staining, and changes in cardiac structure and function were examined via heart/body weight ratio and echocardiography.Results　The myocardial infarction model in P7 neonatal rats was successfully established, with TTC staining confirming effective LAD ligation on day 1 post-surgery. On day 21 post surgery, compared with Sham group, HE staining revealed significant cardiac damage in AMI group. Picrosirius red staining indicated that the myocardial fibrosis area was (6.44±2.06)% in the AMI group, which was significantly higher than (1.53±0.09)% in the Sham group (P<0.001). Echocardiography showed that the ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were(75.57± 3.86)% and(44.53±3.82)% in the AMI group, significantly lower than (85.61±3.15)% and (55.34±3.86)% in the Sham group, respectively (all P<0.01). The heart/body weight ratio was also significantly decreased in the AMI group (P<0.05). Conclusion　This study successfully established and validated a P7 rat myocardial infarction model. This model exhibits typical characteristics of cardiac remodeling at 21 days post-infarction, including extensive myocardial fibrosis, ventricular wall thinning, chamber dilation, and impaired systolic function. The established protocol is reliable, and the comprehensive evaluation system provides a solid experimental foundation for future research on mammalian myocardial regeneration and repair.

Objective　To explore the factors and characteristics of animal model of pancreatic cancer, and provide reference and suggestions for the establishment of animal model of pancreatic cancer. Methods　With “pancreatic cancer” and “animal model” as the theme, the experimental literatures on pancreatic cancer animal models from 2000 to 2024 were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang, Chongqing VIP, Chinese Medical Journal Full-Text Database and PubMed. The database was established for statistical analysis by collating animal species,sex, classification of animal models,method of model replication,types of cancer cell lines and detection indicators of experimental animals, and so on.Results　A total of 380 experimental research literature were selected. The most used animal models for pancreatic cancer were BALB/c nude mice, most of which were 4 to 8 weeks old. The modeling method was mostly heterotopic subcutaneous graft tumor model, with the injection site being the back subcutaneous tissue. The cell line used was mostly SW1990 and PANC-1. The subcutaneous tumorigenesis time was mostly 7-10 d, and the modeling time was mostly 4 weeks. Most of the model detection indexes were tumor tissue apparent indexes (tumor growth, volume, weight), tumor bearing animal apparent indexes (weight, mental state, hair color, diet, subcutaneous tissue growth), pathological changes of the tumor tissue, immunohistochemical staining of the tumor tissue, CT/MRI/ultrasound/MicroPET, Western blot of the tumor tissue protein, and Real time polymerase chain reaction, and so on.Conclusion　Currently, the animal models of pancreatic cancer do not match the pathogenic mechanisms of clinical pancreatic cancer very well. This article discusses the selection of experimental animals and cell lines, model preparation, and index detection for the study of pancreatic cancer animal models, providing reference and ideas for researchers to choose, apply, and improve experimental animal models.

Objective　To investigate the best conditions for surgical embryo transfer in C57BL/6J mice by evaluating the effects of embryo number and transfer location (unilateral or bilateral) on success rates. Methods　C57BL/6J embryos were cultured overnight to the two-cell stage and then transferred into ICR female mice. Researchers examined pregnancy rates, average litter size, and embryo survival under different conditions, including left, right, or bilateral surgeries with 15, 20, or 25 embryos transplanted. Results　Transplantation type and embryo number significantly affected embryo survival rates. Bilateral and right-sided transplants had higher survival rates than left-sided ones (P<0.05). Transplanting 20 embryos to the right side or bilaterally increased the number of pups and survival rate (P<0.05). Transplanting 25 embryos bilaterally resulted in the highest average number of pups, but the survival rate was similar to 20 embryos transplanted bilaterally or to the right side.Conclusion　Right-sided oviductal transplantation of 20 embryos in C57BL/6J mice not only yields superior transplantation outcomes but also minimizes surgical incisions and post-operative pain, enhancing animal welfare during the procedure.

Objective　To observe the characteristics of hepatocyte necrosis, hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic fibrosis in the process of liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ).Methods　Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control group, 18 h model group, 4-week model group and 8-week model group, with 15 mice in each group.Acute liver injury and chronic liver injury mice were prepared by subcutaneous injection of carbon tetrachloride-olive oil. The observation time points were 18 h, 4 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively, and the general condition of mice, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), HE staining, TUNEL staining and Sirius red staining of liver tissue were used as the observation indexes to evaluate the characteristics of liver inflammation, hepatocyte apoptosis and liver fibrosis.Results　In 18 h model group, the liver tissue lesions were mainly manifested as acute injury, serum ALT and AST were significantly increased, HE staining showed degeneration and necrosis of a large number of hepatocytes around the central vein, TUNEL positive staining shows no obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells. In the liver tissue, except for the vascular wall, there is no positive staining of collagen fibers.In 4-week model group, liver cell injury was still obvious, serum ALT and AST remained at a high level, HE staining showed a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the necrotic area, significant collagen fiber deposition in the liver, and a small number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells were still visible in the liver tissue. In 8-week group, the body weight of model mice decreased significantly, the ratio of liver to body and spleen to body increased significantly, serum ALT and AST remained at a high level, a large amount of collagen fiber deposition in the liver tissue, a small amount of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the fiber interval, and the number of apoptotic cells with positive TUNEL staining decreased significantly. Conclusion　In CCL4-induced continuous liver injury mouse model, hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis are the main events of early injury, and with the extension of modeling time, hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis are gradually reduced, and the main pathological features of liver collagen deposition and fibrosis are aggravated.

Objective　To investigate the repair effect of collagen/silk fibroin composite scaffolds on knee joint cartilage defects in rabbits of different ages. It provides a reference for the selection of age appropriate animals in knee joint cartilage defect models.Methods　Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three age groups, 3, 6, and 9 months, with 8 rabbits in each group. A bone cartilage defect model was established in the medial condyle of both femurs of the rabbits. Collagen/silk fibroin composite scaffolds were implanted in the defect site of right knee (scaffold group), while the left knee remained untreated as a blank control (control group). At 6 and 12 weeks post-surgery, four rabbits (containing eight joints) of each age group were euthanized and the bilateral knne joints were dissected for morphological examination. Histological evaluation was conducted according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) histological scoring criteria, with HE staining and safranin O-fast green staining used for analysis. The repair effects were compared across groups.Results　At 6 weeks post-surgery, there was no significant difference in the ICRS scores between the 3-month scaffold group and control group. The ICRS scores of the 6-month scaffold group were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between the 9-month scaffold group and control group. At 12 weeks post-surgery, the trends in ICRS score comparisons between scaffold groups and control groups for the 3, 6, and 9-month groups were consistent with those at 6 weeks. HE staining and safranin O-fast green staining indicated no significant difference in repair between the 3-month scaffold group and control group at both 6 and 12 weeks. The 6-month scaffold group showed significantly better repair than control group, while no significant difference was found in the repair between the 9-month scaffold group and control group.Conclusion　There are differences in the repair of cartilage damage in rabbits across different age groups when using collagen/silk fibroin composite scaffolds, suggesting a relationship between cartilage repair and age. In this study, 6 months age are deemed suitable for the rabbit knee joint cartilage defect model.

Objective　To initially establish a scoring standard on compliance for beagle dogs and explore the correlation between beagle dogs’ compliance and the c.264G>A SNP site of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene and plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-TH).Methods　By evaluating indicators such as the closeness between beagle dogs and humans, experimental cooperation, and convenience of feeding management, a preliminary scoring standard for beagle dogs’ compliance was established. Based on compliance assessment from 350 beagle dogs high and low compliance dogs (10 each) were selected.  The C264 SNP site of TH gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction sequencing method and plasma 5-HT concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The correlation analyses were performed to explore the compliance with c.264G>A SNP site of TH gene and 5-HT concentration. Results　The dogs in the high compliance group were mostly GG genotypes according to the c.264G>A SNP site of TH gene and the 5-HT concentrations were higher [(32.73±8.64) mg/mL], while the dogs in the low compliance group were mostly AA genotypes and the 5-HT concentration were lower [(20.31± 6.99) mg/mL]. There was a significant correlation between compliance of beagle dogs and 5-HT concentration (P<0.05).Conclusion　The compliance of beagles shows a certain relationship with the c.264G>A SNP variation in the TH gene, although the difference is not statistically significant. However, it exhibits a significant correlation with plasma 5-HT concentration. Both the TH gene c.264G> A SNP and plasma 5-HT concentration may potentially serve as indicators and molecular markers for assessing tractability in beagles.

Objective　To establish a drowning death rat model and analyze the changes of nucleotide and stress protein levels in thyroid at different time after drowning treatment.Methods　Male Wistar rats were divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group (50 rats) was subjected to painless euthanasia by ether inhalation, while the experimental group (50 rats) was subjected to drowning in a water tank.5 rats were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 72 h after death, respectively. The thyroid glands were removed. 20 mg was weighed and ground respectively, and then centrifuged for 10 minutes using a low-speed refrigerated centrifuge at 3 500 r/min and the supernatant was obtained by enzyme-linked immunoassay to detect the levels of cAMP, cGMP, c-Fos, Hsp-70, Caspase-9, and Bax according to the instructions of the ELISA kit.Results　The levels of cAMP, cGMP, c-Fos, Hsp-70, Caspase-9 and Bax in thyroid tissue were higher than those in control group at different time after drowning death (P<0.05,P<0.01).The levels of cAMP, cGMP, c-Fos, Hsp-70, Caspase-9 and Bax in both the experimental group and the control group increased gradually from 2 h after death.Hsp-70 to 18 h begins to decrease,cAMP, cGMP and c-Fos began to decrease at 24 h, and Caspase-9 and Bax began to decrease at 36 h.Conclusion　The levels of nucleotide and stress protein in tissues showed a certain trend at different time after death.

Objective　The pathological changes in brain tissue during the acute phase were analyzed by establishing a neonatal SD rat HIE model.Methods　CT imaging data of 54 newborns with severe HIE in our hospital were collected to analyze the location of brain injury. The HIE animal models of 24 newborn 7-day-old SD rats were established, and their brain tissues were collected at 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours after modeling. Ischemic area and pathology of thalamus, cortex, and hippocampal tissue, and changes of  cellular oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed through TTC, HE, Nissl staining, and flow cytometry.Results　The thalamus of children with severe HIE were most affected. The morphology of neurons in the right thalamus LDDM, LDVL, cortex S1BF, M2, RSA, and hippocampus CA1 regions had changed, and the staining had gradually become lighter and the number of cells had gradually decreased after 1-3 hours of modeling. During 3-6 h, the staining in each region had become lighter and lighter, and the changes of cell morphology and quantity were significant. At the same time, ischemic necrosis of cortical S1BF region had gradually appeared. During 6-9 h, The changes in tissue morphology and cell numbers of each regions were more pronounced, and ROS began to increase. Conclusion　3-6 hours after the establishment of HIE models is equivalent to the first stage of clinical HIE pathological and physiological development, and 6-9 hours is equivalent to the second stage, and after 9 hours is equivalent to the third stage. Therefore, before 3 hours is the best time window for intervention and treatment of neonatal HIE rat models.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death, disability, and mental health disorders. In basic research on TBI and the development of novel therapies, animal models serve as essential tools capable of effectively simulating brain injuries of varying types and severity. This systematic review comprehensively summarizes current progress in TBI animal model research worldwide. It provides detailed discussions on TBI pathogenesis, model classification, and model animals. Focusing on TBI model categorization, it thoroughly analyzes the principles, advantages, and limitations of each model type. Integrating the latest research findings, it explores their applications in elucidating pathological mechanisms, drug screening, and translational medicine. This review aims to provide TBI researchers with guidance for model selection, promote model standardization and optimization, and advance the integrated development of basic and clinical TBI research.

Spleen deficiency syndrome is a very common syndrome type in traditional Chinese medicine and has important research value. The study of experimental animal models can help human beings to understand the occurrence and development of diseases and their nature more conveniently. In this paper, the modeling method of animal models of spleen deficiency syndrome are reviewed, and the experimental research on spleen deficiency syndrome is visually analyzed by using Citespace software to reveal its research hotspots and trends, in order to provide a theoretical reference for the follow-up research of spleen deficiency syndrome and the establishment of syndrome models.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term encompassing chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, primarily comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Given its rising prevalence and intricate immune mechanisms, IBD has emerged as a focal point in research on digestive system disorders. The trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced model of inflammatory bowel disease is extensively utilized in fundamental studies due to its high induction success rate. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in the mechanisms, modeling techniques, and influencing factors associated with TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease models in rodents.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a common endocrine disease in clinical practice. In recent years, the incidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has increased year by year, which has attracted widespread attention. The successful establishment of animal model of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is of great significance for study of pathological mechanism and pharmacodynamic effect of this disease and the improvement of clinical efficacy. However, there are few basic studies on the pathogenesis and efficacy observation of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis based on animal models, which is related to the difficulty of establishing relevant animal models. In this paper, the method of establishing animal models of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in recent years were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of various models were discussed to provide theoretical basis for the development of basic experiments.